| Foreword |
| List of Abbreviations |
| Chapter I: Overview |
| Chapter II: Fiscal Position of Municipal Corporations |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Municipal Receipts |
| 2.1 Own Tax Revenue |
| 2.2 Own Non-Tax Revenue |
| 2.3 Transfers |
| 3. Municipal Expenditure |
| 3.1 Revenue Expenditure |
| 3.2 Capital Expenditure |
| 4. Municipal Borrowings |
| 4.1 Municipal Bond Financing |
| 4.2 Green Municipal Bonds |
| 5. Conclusion |
| Chapter III: Own Sources of Revenue Generation in Municipal Corporations: Opportunities and Challenges |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Types of Revenue Sources of ULBs |
| 3. Enhancing Own Sources of Revenues |
| 4. Major Own Tax Revenues |
| 4.1 Property Tax |
| 4.2 Water and Drainage Tax |
| 5. Major Non-Tax Revenues |
| 5.1 Fees and User Charges |
| 6. Conclusion |
| Chapter IV: Way Forward |
| References |
| Explanatory Note on Data Sources and Methodology |
| LIST OF BOXES |
| II.1 Revenue Performance of ULBs Pre and Post GST |
| III.1 Valuation Methods and Property Tax Collections |
| LIST OF TABLES |
| II.1 Municipal Corporations’ Revenue Receipts and Expenditure |
| II.2 State-wise Municipal Corporations’ Revenue Receipts and Expenditure |
| II.3 Ratio of Municipal Corporations’ Revenue Receipts to State Government’s Revenue Receipts |
| II.4 Revenue Receipts |
| II.5 Ratio of Municipal Corporations’ Tax and Non-Tax Revenue to State Government’s Tax and Non-Tax Revenue |
| II.6 Municipal Corporations’ Non-Tax Revenue |
| II.7 Grants to Urban Local Bodies from the Central and State Governments |
| II.8 Municipal Corporations’ Finances – Key Ratios |
| II.9 Expenditure of Municipal Corporations |
| II.10 Municipal Corporations’ Capital Expenditure Components |
| II.11 NIFTY India Municipal Bond Index – Returns (as on July 31, 2024) |
| II.12 Credit Ratings of Municipal Corporations |
| II.13 Green Municipal Bond Issuances: 2021 to 2024 |
| III.1 Revenue Sources of ULBs |
| III.2 State-wise Share of Water Tax and Drainage/Sewerage Tax as Per cent of OSR (Average of 2020-21 to 2022-23) |
| LIST OF CHARTS |
| II.1 Components of Revenue Receipts |
| II.2 Municipal Corporations’ Own Tax Revenue in 2023-24 (BE) |
| II.3a Share of Property Taxes in Revenue Receipts in 2023-24 (BE) |
| II.3b Share of Property Taxes in Own Tax Revenue in 2023-24 (BE) |
| II.4 Share of Property Taxes in Revenue Receipts |
| II.5 Composition of Revenue Receipts of Municipal Corporations |
| II.6 Composition of Expenditure of Municipal Corporations |
| II.7 Inflow and Outflow of Revenue during 2023-24 (BE) |
| II.8 Ratio of Capital Expenditure to Total Expenditure in 2023-24 (BE) |
| II.9 Ratio of Revenue Expenditure to Capital Expenditure in 2023-24 (BE) |
| II.10 Per capita Capital Expenditure |
| II.11 Municipal Corporations’ Borrowings from Financial Institutions – Select Indicators |
| II.12 Municipal Bonds Issuances in India (as on April 30, 2024) |
| II.13 Coupon Rates on Municipal Bonds |
| II.14 Maturities and Coupon Rates for Municipal Bonds Issued after 2017 |
| III.1a Kernel Density Plots for Ratio of Own Source Revenue to Revenue Expenditure |
| III.1b Own Source Revenue as a Ratio of Revenue Expenditure (Average of 2020-21 to 2022-23) |
| III.2 Composition of Revenue Receipts and OSR (Average of 2020-21 to 2022-23) |
| III.3 Composition of Tax Revenue (Average of 2020-21 to 2022-23) |
| III.4 Types of Property Registers |
| III.5 Percentage Distribution of Properties Covered under GIS |
| III.6 Valuation Methods |
| III.7 Assessment Methods |
| III.8 Dispute Redressal Mechanisms |
| III.9 Property Tax Exemptions |
| III.10 Billing and Collection Mechanisms |
| III.11 Types of Properties under Property Tax |
| III.12 Coverage Ratio |
| III.13 Composition of Non-Tax Revenue (Average of 2020-21 to 2022-23) |
| III.14 State-wise Share of Fees and User Charges as Per cent of OSR (Average of 2020-21 to 2022-23) |
| III.15 State-wise Comparison of Property Tax and Fees and User Charges as Per cent of OSR (Average of 2020-21 to 2022-23) |
| LIST OF STATEMENTS AND APPENDICES |
| LIST OF STATEMENTS |
| 1. Revenue Receipts of Municipal Corporations – State-wise |
| 2. Own Revenue of Municipal Corporations – State-wise |
| 3. Own Revenue of Municipal Corporations – Key Ratios |
| 4. Revenue Expenditure of Municipal Corporations – State-wise |
| 5. Establishment Expenditure of Municipal Corporations – State-wise |
| 6. Administrative Expenditure of Municipal Corporations – State-wise |
| 7. Operational and Maintenance Expenditure of Municipal Corporations – State-wise |
| 8. Capital Outlay of Municipal Corporations – State-wise |
| APPENDICES |
| I. Revenue Receipts of Municipal Corporations |
| II. Revenue Expenditure of Municipal Corporations |
| III. Capital Receipts of Municipal Corporations |
| IV. Capital Expenditure of Municipal Corporations |