Publications

Department of Information Technology
Reserve Bank of India

The world is heading towards the advent of the millennium. In modern day banking with heavy dependence on computers and communications, the date January 1, 2000 has come to signify a date with destiny. For, every one is familiar - at least by name - with the phenomenon that is variously termed as the Year 2000, Y2K, century date change or the millennium problem. The problem threatens to disrupt the systems that are dependent on computers and computer based processing. The banking and financial sectors could prove to be especially vulnerable, if the problem is not resolved before the end of this century.

In tune with the approach of the central banks in all countries, the Reserve Bank of India has focussed its attention on the problem and its ramifications. In particular, the Bank has devoted its energy towards ensuring Year 2000 compliance within the Bank and co-ordinating with the banks and financial institutions at different levels directly and through their Associations/Unions to ensure Y2K compliance well in time. This publication attempts to bring out the broad strategy adopted by the Reserve Bank in periodically monitoring and overseeing the progress made by the Financial Sector in achieving Y2K compliance. The efforts made by the Reserve Bank in co-ordinating with the Government of India, Indian Banks’ Association, Associations of Trade, Commerce and Industry, SEBI, Insurance, Power, Telecom and Transport sectors for Y2K compliance have also been brought out. The Reserve Bank is also co-ordinating with the Bank for International Settlements and other International Banks to update on the progress made in this area and share with them the Indian experience and efforts.

We hope this book would contribute significantly to a clear understanding of the efforts of the banking sector in meeting the problem and to give confidence to the participants in different economic activities in the stability and maintenance of the financial system.

In respect of co-operative banks, the Reserve Bank would cover all the 1836 banks. The focussed attention is being paid on institutions, which have a larger deposit base (say Rs.50 crores) or are members of a local clearing house. In case of others the Associations of Urban banks have been asked to take lead in coordination with the RBI.

Of the 18 State Finance Corporations (SFCs) and 28 State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs), 11 SFCs and 9 SIDCs are in the process of finalising their action plans for being compliant by March 1999. The Reserve Bank of India is in communication with the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) for intensifying their proactive measure with these institutions.

The Reserve Bank of India is following up with the National Bank for Housing to proactively guiding and monitoring the compliance efforts of the Housing Finance and other companies registered and availing refinance from them.

The Reserve Bank of India is sharing information with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and Insurance Regulatory Authority (IRA) regarding supervisory initiatives on Y2K. The intermediaries under the supervision of SEBI have been advised to reach a compliant position by December 1998, so that they are able to implement their systems by June 1999. A task force has been set up by SEBI to co-ordinate efforts and monitor progress by the institutions under their supervision.

The General Post Office Savings Bank accepts public deposits and participates in the cheque clearing arrangement at several centres. The Reserve Bank has taken up the matter with the Director General (Posts), Ministry of Communication at the apex level to seek his commitment for action.

Communications on the Y2K problems have gone from the Reserve Bank of India to the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the Insurance Regulatory Authority (IRA), MICR Security Printers, manufacturers of security paper, specialised institutions like the Industrial Development Bank of India, the Industrial Finance Corporation of India, the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, the Unit Trust of India, etc. The Indian Banks’ Association continues to interact with trade bodies and industry associations since commercial banks are required to ensure compliance of not only their own computer systems but also their interfaces with the customers and trade bodies. The Y2K status of the customer is a critical issue and is therefore to be considered a risk factor in loan sanctioning.

The commercial banks have been advised to gear up their efforts to assess, convert and thoroughly validate all systems and applications by December 31, 1998. Commencing October 1, 1998 the commercial banks have been advised to continuously validate their renovated systems through testing and identify alternative approaches if need be. They have been advised to validate interfaces/linkages with customers/ correspondents. Testing is required to be done with reference to minimum number of dates relevant for Year 2000 testing. Similar monitoring and compliance is extended to non-banking subsidiaries of commercial banks, financial institutions, primary co-operative banks. Each commercial bank has been advised to constitute an internal Core Group and the progress is to be monitored regularly by their top management and their boards. The Indian Banks’ Association is conducting periodic reviews for the Y2K problem for the industry and co-ordinating with infrastructure agencies, trade bodies, etc.

A public awareness campaign has been initiated by the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) by inserting an advertisement in various newspapers highlighting the millennium problem and the need to resolve it well in time. It is stressed therein that trade, industry, commerce, government sector organisations and communication networks need to gear themselves up to meet the Y2K challenge. Posters are being placed at appropriate places to draw attention of banks’ customers and general public. Y2K compliance issues are made an essential input in in-house training programmes of banks. The RBI is monitoring the compliance in the banking industry through periodic reviews. The Working Group set up in RBI conducts bi-monthly reviews of the progress attained by the banking industry.

The Reserve Bank of India and the IBA have arranged several presentations on Y2K by Indian and other reputed cross border software organisations. Up-to-date information on Y2K related issues on internet available from BIS, FEDRESERVE and other countries including Bank of England is shared by the RBI with the banks. The cross border issues relating to upgrading of the systems for interface with SWIFT are being addressed. The banks permitted to maintain data abroad have been asked to ensure Y2K compliance vis-a-vis the foreign banks/entities. Branches of Indian banks are ensuring Y2K compliance keeping in view the requirements of those countries.

The following strategies are adopted for attaining the full compliance of year 2000 in the financial sector.

• Unaudited certification of compliance by commercial banks
• Verification of compliance efforts through onsite supervisory examination
• Statutory auditors to comment on the process followed by commercial banks for Y2K compliance
• Validation of contingency plans by commercial banks
• Commercial banks to give their compliance position on their web sites

The full compliance can be attained only after undertaking a comprehensive testing of all the systems, whether upgraded or replaced. The testing exercise is to be integrated in the action plan for Y2K compliance. An important precautionary step has been taken to see that the supervisory departments of the Reserve Bank would exercise pro-active supervisory pressures to address the problem whenever the supervisory teams visit banks. It has also been decided by the Working Group on Y2K issues that suitable penal measures akin to the idea given by the Bank of England would be considered with respect to those banks, which do not adhere to the Y2K compliance by March 1999.

There has been a high level of co-operation among banks on Year 2000 issues. However, only few banks have made substantial efforts to help raise their customers’ awareness on Y2K issues. This is disappointing because banks can influence their customers in this regard and this, in turn, would help reduce the potential for widespread Year 2000 problems. Banks are therefore urged to share information with their customers and to try to ensure that customers and counterparties are taking adequate measures to address Year 2000. This is especially important for the small and medium-sized business sector. Banks will need to consider the likely efforts of the century date change on their customers and counter parties when evaluating future business transactions with these entities. The Reserve Bank of India in fact encourages banks, and all major financial organisations to share their progress towards achieving Year 2000 readiness.

The latest status of compliance of Y2K by banks, their subsidiaries and financial institutions, etc., is given in the Annexure-II.

COMPLIANCE IN BANKS AND FINANCIAL SECTOR

Most of the banks in India use standalone PCs or Novell NetWare/UNIX LAN for computerisation. Some banks do have a few mainframe computers, which are used for computing purposes. These computer resources would have to be either upgraded or replaced to meet Y2K requirements. The existing computers not found to be Y2K compliant could be used for non-date sensitive applications. The computers in computing environment and sensitive to date have to be Y2K compliant. Mainframes in all cases are in the process of replacement as they have become quite old. These initiatives would mean additional cost to the banks but such investments are unavoidable.

The progress of the Y2K compliance of commercial banks and non-banking subsidiaries of commercial banks are given in Table – 1 and Table – 2 respectively.

Commercial Banks

Table – 2

Financial Institutions

The Y2K compliance efforts of the General Insurance Corporation of India, the Industrial Development Bank of India, the Life Insurance Corporation of India, the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development are expected to spill over to 1999. The Y2K compliance position of Financial Institutions is given in Table – 3.

Rigorous follow up measures were initiated with the co-operative banks. Table – 4 gives status of the Primary Co-operative Banks.

The Discount and Finance House of India, Securities Trading Corporation of India, Kotak Mahindra, CEAT Finance, Hoare Govett and Tower Capital are the dealers who have yet to report status to the Reserve Bank of India. The position of Primary and Satellite Dealers are given in Table – 5 and Table – 6.

Several institutions particularly in Punjab and Kerala are yet to put in place concrete action plans for renovation/replacement of non-compliant packages. The status in respect of above institutions are given in Table – 7 through Table – 10.