Growth faces increased pressure from both moderation in investment demand and an uncertain
global environment. Surveys on business expectations show that business conditions and sentiments remain subdued. Transitory factors have helped moderate inflation, but inflation is likely to turn
sticky in 2012-13. The balance of risk is on the upside due to significant suppressed inflation
and high oil prices. As such, while addressing the slackening growth and investment demand
is a policy challenge, inflation and other macroeconomic risks have to be kept firmly in mind.
Modest recovery likely in 2012-13
VII.1 The recent firming up of growth
fundamentals in the US coupled with policy
measures in the euro area have helped abate fears of a double dip recession in the advanced
economies (AEs). This has helped stabilise the
troubled global financial markets. Nevertheless,
signs of a mild recession in the euro area,
slowdown in emerging and developing
economies (EDEs) including China, and surging
crude oil prices bring to the fore risks to
recovery in global growth and inflation. High
liquidity from the extended easy monetary
policy regimes globally has associated risks for
capital flows to the EDEs.
VII.2 The Reserve Bank, in its Mid-Quarter Monetary Policy Review on March 15, 2012
gave indications of peaking of the interest rates
cycle in line with the evolving growth inflation
dynamics. Also, the structural liquidity deficit
in the system necessitated a 125 bps cut in CRR in Q4 of 2011-12. Although, global developments since then have been more on the positive side,
in view of the slackening domestic growth
consequent upon weak pipeline investment and
supply-side bottlenecks, the near-term prospects for growth suggest, at best, room for a modest
acceleration.
VII.3 Early forecasts by international weather
agencies regarding the South-West monsoon
present a mixed picture. The Reserve Bank’s
own assessment of leading indicators based on
land/ocean temperatures to predict India’s South-West monsoon suggests that the 2012
monsoon may be normal. However, a clearer
picture will emerge after the forecast by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). With
the likelihood of a normal monsoon and a low
base, the prospects for agriculture growth during
2012-13 are encouraging.
VII.4 A revival in the industrial sector hinges
on the impetus to ease supply-side constraints,
especially the energy and mineral deficits, and
revive investment demand. The easing of inflationary pressures, government initiatives to revive the power sector, some improvement
in investment demand and revival in external
demand on the back of the improved global outlook could help revive the growth momentum. However, the overall slack may prevail in short-
term, in the face of poor investment demand.
VII.5 Services sector growth is likely to be conditioned by the revival in global demand and
pickup in industrial growth. Overall, services
growth may stay largely resilient, though some
spillover may occur from the slow pace of
industrial growth. Road tendering by National
Highways Authority (NHAI) has proceeded at
a brisk pace in 2011-12 and investment driven
by road sector is expected to pick up in 2012-13.
With this, construction activity including
housing could improve, especially in the hinterland of new highways, as execution of tendered road projects picks up.
Inflation risks remain significant
VII.6 Headline WPI inflation has declined since December 2011 largely on account of transitory
factors including a favourable base effect and
seasonal decline in vegetable prices, broadly in
line with the Reserve Bank’s indicative trajectory.
Table VII.1: Business Expectations Survey |
Period/Index |
NCAER-Business
Confidence Index Apr 2012 |
FICCI Overall
Business Confidence
Index Q2: 2011-12 |
Dun & Bradstreet Business Optimism Index Q1: 2012-13 |
CII Business Confidence Index Q3: 2011-12 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Current level of the Index |
134.9 |
51.5 |
150.0 |
48.6 |
Index as per previous survey |
125.2 |
51.6 |
156.2 |
53.6 |
Index levels one year back |
145.3 |
76.2 |
183.3 |
66.2 |
% change (q-o-q) sequential |
7.7 |
-0.2 |
-3.9 |
-9.3 |
% change (y-o-y) |
-7.2 |
-32.3 |
-18.2 |
-26.6 |
VII.7 Risks from high crude oil prices and the
impact of the lagged pass-through of rupee depreciation, suppressed inflation in energy and
fertilisers and possible fiscal slippage, however,
continue to pose significant threat. Unless significant measures are put in place to address
the unsustainable levels of suppressed inflation,
the risks to inflation stay active, inter alia,
compounded also by the sustained wage
pressures and the structural protein food
inflation.
VII.8 The upside risks to inflation on the one
hand and the depressed domestic growth
outlook on the other, warrant calibrated
measures to maintain a sustainable balance in
a dynamic growth-inflation scenario.
Business expectations, industrial outlook
surveys suggest mixed trend
VII.9 Recent surveys conducted by different agencies indicate mixed trends in business climate. The latest NCAER survey shows a noticeable pick up in business confidence from
the previous period of survey. However, the Dun
& Bradstreet index for Q1 of 2012-13 points to
declining business optimism (Table VII.1).
VII.10 The seasonally adjusted HSBC Markit
Purchasing Managers’ Indices (PMI) for both
manufacturing and services (March 2012) exhibited sustained expansion though at a
decelerating rate, despite a moderate rise in the
new orders received during the month. The PMIs also indicate an increase in job creation.
Input cost pressures, however, remained strong.
Industrial Outlook Survey indicates some
improvement in Q4 of 2011-12
VII.11 The Reserve Bank’s 57th round of the
Industrial Outlook Survey (http://www.rbi.org.in/IOS57) conducted during January-March
2012, indicates that demand conditions in Indian
manufacturing sector for Q4 of 2011-12 showed
an improvement, while expectations for Q1 of
2012-13 showed a slight moderation.
Table VII.2: Reserve Bank’s Industrial Outlook Survey |
Parameter |
Optimistic Response |
Net Response |
2011 |
2012 |
Apr-Jun |
Jul-Sep |
Oct-Dec |
Jan-Mar |
Apr-Jun |
E |
A |
E |
A |
E |
A |
E |
A |
E |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
1. |
Overall Business Situation |
Better |
41.4 |
32.6 |
39.8 |
18.7 |
35.2 |
17.7 |
33.6 |
26.5 |
34.9 |
2. |
Overall Financial Situation |
Better |
33.4 |
24.1 |
30.6 |
11.7 |
26.3 |
11.2 |
25.2 |
18.5 |
27.7 |
3. |
Availability of Finance |
Improve |
27.3 |
21.5 |
24.2 |
12.1 |
20.2 |
10.4 |
19.0 |
15.8 |
22.9 |
4. |
Cost of External Finance |
Decrease |
-35.0 |
-49.0 |
-39.7 |
-50.2 |
-41.0 |
-50.6 |
-38.8 |
-37.4 |
-22.7 |
5. |
Production |
Increase |
40.0 |
32.1 |
40.6 |
22.6 |
39.9 |
25.3 |
40.4 |
33.1 |
34.7 |
6. |
Order Books |
Increase |
38.4 |
28.1 |
35.9 |
20.3 |
33.4 |
18.4 |
31.3 |
24.8 |
29.5 |
7. |
Capacity Utilisation |
Increase |
24.0 |
17.2 |
25.0 |
9.9 |
22.2 |
10.8 |
24.3 |
16.7 |
19.9 |
8. |
Cost of Raw Material |
Decrease |
-57.0 |
-65.5 |
-51.7 |
-58.1 |
-49.7 |
-61.2 |
-50.1 |
-59.4 |
-49.0 |
9. |
Employment in the Company |
Increase |
17.4 |
18.2 |
19.4 |
15.6 |
16.5 |
11.3 |
13.6 |
12.9 |
14.6 |
10. |
Exports |
Increase |
24.0 |
18.2 |
25.8 |
13.1 |
22.1 |
11.5 |
18.6 |
14.2 |
20.7 |
11. |
Imports |
Increase |
18.9 |
17.6 |
19.0 |
15.7 |
16.9 |
11.6 |
15.5 |
14.4 |
15.7 |
12. |
Selling Price |
Increase |
23.7 |
21.5 |
18.3 |
10.7 |
16.0 |
8.9 |
14.7 |
13.5 |
19.0 |
13. |
Proft Margin |
Increase |
3.8 |
-9.9 |
2.5 |
-17.1 |
-1.6 |
-17.3 |
-2.9 |
-11.3 |
-1.2 |
Note: 1. ‘Net response’ is measured as the percentage share differential between the companies reporting ‘optimistic’ (positive) and ‘pessimistic’ (negative) responses; responses indicating status quo (no change) are not reckoned. Higher ‘net response’ indicates higher level of confidence and vice versa.
2. E: Expectations and A: Assessment. |
VII.12 The Business Expectation Index (BEI),
a composite indicator based on several business related parameters for the assessment and
expectation quarters, shows an increase for Q4
of 2011-12 and a marginal decline for the quarter ahead (Q1 of 2012-13) (Chart VII.1).
VII.13 The survey results also indicate optimism with regard to production and order
books for the assessment quarter, but going
forward the trends are expected to decline. Net
response on capacity utilisation increased
during Q4 of 2011-12. Financing pressures seemed to have eased as indicated by the
improvement in the availability and cost of
finance for both quarters under review. Pressures from the cost of raw material continue, however,
slight moderation is expected in Q1 of 2012-13.
The net response on profit margin remained
negative but a higher percentage of respondents
reported increased profit margins in the assessment quarter (Table VII.2).
Consumer Confidence Survey notes decline in spending intentions
VII.14 The 8th round of the Consumer Confidence Survey conducted by the Reserve Bank of India in March 2012 (http://www.rbi.org.in/CCS8) indicates marginal decline in positive perceptions of the household after recording a slight improvement in December 2011. Survey also suggests visible decrease in
future expectation mainly due to a decline in
perceptions about income and spending
(Chart VII.2).
External agencies see slow revival in domestic growth
VII.15 The Government of India has placed
its domestic growth projection for 2012-13 at
7.6 per cent (+/- 0.25 per cent) (Table VII.3).
This is against the backdrop of the CSO’s advance estimates for 2011-12 growth at 6.9
per cent. Most external agencies see a moderate rebound in growth, as indicated by their conservative forecasts for 2012-13, and have
pegged their forecasts in the range of 7.0-7.6
per cent.
Survey of professional forecasters1
VII.16 The results of the 19th round of ‘Survey
of Professional Forecasters’ (http://www.rbi.org.in/SPF19) conducted by the Reserve Bank
show marginal decline in the overall growth
projection for 2012-13 (Table VII.4). The revisions in projections for 2012-13 are mostly
positive. While majority of the professional forecasters envisage a slow pick up in growth
from Q2 of 2012-13, the average inflation is
expected to hover around current levels.
Table VII.3 : Agencies’ Projections for 2012-13 |
Agency |
Latest Projection |
Real GDP Growth (Per cent) |
Month |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Economic Advisory Council to the PM |
7.6 |
Feb-12 |
Finance Ministry |
7.6 (+/- 0.25) |
Feb-12 |
IMF |
7.0 |
Jan-12 |
World Bank |
7.5 |
Mar-12 |
ADB |
7.0 |
Apr-12 |
Table VII.4: Median Forecasts of Select Macroeconomic Indicators by Professional
Forecasters 2011-12 and 2012-13 |
|
Actual 2010-11 |
Annual Forecasts |
Quarterly Forecast |
2011-12 |
2012-13 |
2011-12 |
2012-13 |
Q4 |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
1. |
Real GDP growth rate at factor cost (in per cent) |
8.4# |
7.0 |
6.9* |
7.3 |
7.2 |
7.0 |
6.9 |
6.8 |
6.6 |
7.1 |
7.1 |
7.3 |
7.4 |
- |
7.5 |
|
a. Agriculture & Allied Activities |
7.0# |
3.4 |
2.5* |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
- |
3.0 |
|
b. Industry |
6.8# |
4.1 |
3.6* |
5.8 |
6.0 |
3.8 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
5.1 |
5.5 |
5.8 |
6.3 |
- |
6.2 |
|
c. Services |
9.2# |
9.0 |
8.8* |
8.8 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
8.9 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
8.7 |
8.5 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
- |
8.6 |
2. |
Gross Domestic Saving (per cent of GDP at current market price) |
32.3# |
33.0 |
31.9 |
33.5 |
32.8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3. |
Average WPI-Infation |
9.6 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
6.5 |
6.9 |
6.8 |
6.7 |
6.4 |
6.6 |
6.2 |
6.9 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
- |
6.7 |
4. |
Exchange Rate (`/US$ end period) |
44.65 |
52.0 |
51.2& |
48.0 |
48.3 |
52.0 |
51.2& |
50.8 |
49.5 |
49.3 |
48.8 |
49.0 |
48.0 |
- |
47.8 |
5. |
T-Bill 91 days Yield (per cent-end period) |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.8 |
7.5 |
7.9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6. |
10-year G-sec Yield (per cent-end period) |
8.4 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
8.0 |
8.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
7. |
Export
(growth rate in per cent)@ |
37.3 |
17.5 |
19.0 |
14.3 |
13.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
8. |
Import
(growth rate in per cent)@ |
26.7 |
20.6 |
23.7 |
14.4 |
15.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
9. |
Trade Balance (US$ bn) |
-130.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
-34.0 |
-41.2 |
-43.8 |
-50.2 |
-40.2 |
-47.7 |
-47.0 |
-44.8 |
- |
-48.0 |
E: Previous Round Projection. L: Latest Round Projection. #: Quick Estimate. *: Advance Estimate.
- : Not Available. &: Actual. @: US$ on BoP basis.
Note : The latest round refers to Nineteenth round for the quarter ended March 2012, while previous round refers to Eighteenth round for the quarter ended December 2011.
Source : Survey of Professional Forecasters, Fourth Quarter 2011-12. |
Inflation expectations moderate
VII.17 The Inflation Expectations Survey of
Households (IESH) (http://www.rbi.org.in/IESH27) for January-March 2012 indicates a
decrease in households’ perception of both the
current quarter inflation as well as expectations
of future inflation. The survey spanned 12 cities covering 4,000 households and seven
occupational categories.
Policy aims to support recovery, action to
factor in inflation and macro-risks
VII.18 Policy actions thus far have helped
moderate inflation and contain inflationary
expectations. However, against the backdrop of uncertain global conditions and fragile domestic demand, the recovery in the economy is expected to remain moderate. Demand revival,
especially in investment, is critical for growth.
In this context, business as also consumer confidence needs to be addressed by the policy
initiatives.
VII.19 At the current juncture, reviving growth
in a non-inflationary manner poses many
challenges. Given that the recent experience suggests that potential output may itself be
lower than in the pre-crisis years, the output gap
could be small. Inflationary pressures, though
moderating, could re-emerge if the upside risks
materialise. Moreover, policy choices have to
keep in view the risks arising from fiscal and
external imbalances. The policy design to
achieve macro-objectives hinges on deregulation
and the upward adjustment of oil prices by
letting the demand effects work towards diminishing fiscal and external risks. This would
provide space for fiscal and monetary policy to
act in tandem to achieve the growth and inflation
objectives in 2012-13 that otherwise appear to
be at cross purposes. Overall, monetary policy
has to tread with care in working towards reviving growth, while not exacerbating
inflation and other risks.
|