Global uncertainties and domestic cyclical and structural factors resulted in growth slowing
down considerably to the estimated level of 6.9 per cent during 2011-12. All three sectors of
the economy – agriculture, industry and services – slowed down. Moderation in agriculture
growth notwithstanding, the year witnessed an all-time high foodgrains output. The services
sector moderated reflecting the slowdown in construction, while industrial growth slackened
due to the disappointing performance of mining and manufacturing sub-sectors. However, some indicators such as non-food credit off-take, cement production and the Reserve Bank’s services
sector composite indicator suggest that growth may have bottomed out in Q3 of 2011-12. Output growth is expected to gradually recover in 2012-13, albeit modestly.
Global growth decelerates in 2011, likely
to remain on slow recovery path in 2012
I.1 Global growth slowed in 2011, but the
world economy stayed on the path of slow
recovery, reducing the likelihood of a double-
dip recession. Growth prospects for 2012
remain uncertain, with growth petering out in
the euro area and losing steam in the emerging
markets, while a better-than-expected recovery
is shaping up in the US. The baseline scenario
suggests that global growth may continue to be
low in 2012, with a recession in the euro area
as the region makes the needed fiscal adjustment.
I.2 There have been some positive developments in relation to advanced economies
(AEs) over the previous quarter. The US economy expanded 3.0 per cent in Q4 of 2011
– the highest pace since Q2 of 2010. The Institute for Supply Management’s (ISM) reading of the US manufacturing PMI for March
2012 indicates expansion in the manufacturing
sector for the 32nd consecutive month. The US
services sector also expanded briskly in March
2012, while the ISM index for non-manufacturing
activity remained above the average for the
previous 12 months. The April 2012 beige book
of the Federal Reserve also notes that there was
modest to moderate pace of economic expansion
from mid-February through late March.
Prospects for current pace of recovery extending
into 2012 remain encouraging.
I.3 In contrast, other AEs such as the UK,
Japan and the euro area registered negative q-o-q growth in Q4 of 2011 (Chart I.1).
According to the interim forecast of the European Commission, the euro area will undergo a mild recession in 2012 with output
contracting by 0.3 per cent. The composite PMI for the euro area, which combines services and
manufacturing, fell steadily from 50.4 in
January to 49.3 in February and 49.1 in March
2012, indicating contraction. While a small contraction in the euro area would have spillover effects to other regions, its fall out could be contained if the US continues to recover.
Outside the euro area, the UK remains on a weak
expansion path but on current assessment is
likely to avert a recession. Japan is likely to
continue on a slow expansion path driven by
reconstruction investment and inventory
rebuilding in 2012. Recent PMIs indicate that
both services and manufacturing are expanding
in Japan.
|
|
|
I.4 The US unemployment rate fell to a three-year low of 8.2 per cent in March 2012,
though the number of new jobs generated
dipped (Chart I.2). The unemployment rate in
the euro area, however, rose to a record high
of 10.8 per cent in February 2012. Spain
performed the worst, with an unemployment rate of 23.6 per cent and more than half the
youth population unemployed.
Emerging and developing economies show
signs of slowdown
I.5 Risks to AE growth ahead also arise from the slowing emerging and developing economies (EDEs) as this may slow down their external
demand. After growing at 9.2 per cent in 2011,
China has reduced its growth forecast for 2012
to 7.5 per cent. Though growth is likely to
exceed this pace, there are clear indications that the economy is slowing down as the growth rate
has been decelerating for five successive quarters. China’s economy grew at its weakest
pace in nearly three years in Q1 of 2012
registering 8.1 per cent y-o-y growth. There was a modest trade surplus of US$ 0.7 billion in Q1
of 2012. Growth is also slowing in other key
EDEs including India. The Brazilian economy
grew by 2.7 per cent in 2011, compared with
growth of 7.5 per cent in 2010, though it could
moderately improve later this year on the back
of a strong monetary stimulus. Russia is likely
to stay with moderate growth of around 4 per cent due to fiscal stimulus, large credit expansion
and high oil prices this year.
I.6 Going forward, growth in most EDEs is
likely to be impacted by changes in external
demand from the AEs and China. The global
PMI for new export orders, while still below its
long-term average, points towards a gradual recovery in the momentum of global trade (Chart I.3).
Growth of the Indian economy may have
bottomed out in Q3 of 2011-12
I.7 After two successive years of fairly
robust growth of 8.4 per cent, GDP is estimated
to decelerate sharply to 6.9 per cent during
2011-12, with a marked slowdown in agriculture,
mining and quarrying, manufacturing and
construction sectors. Data relating to Q3 of
2011-12 shows that growth moderated for the
fourth successive quarter to 6.1 per cent,
recording the lowest rate in the last eleven
quarters (Table I.1). While the moderation of
growth in agriculture was largely on account of
the base effect and structural impediments, the
slowdown in industry reflected a number of factors including domestic policy uncertainties,
cumulative impact of monetary tightening and
slackening of external demand. The growth rate during July-December 2011 was below trend
(Chart I.4). The momentum indicator corroborates the slowdown (Chart I.5).
|
Table 1.1: Sectoral GDP Growth (2004-05 prices) |
(Per cent) |
Item |
2010-11* |
2011-12* |
2010-11 |
2011-12 |
2010-11 (Apr-Dec) |
2011-12 (Apr-Dec) |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
1. Agriculture & allied activities |
7.0 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
4.9 |
11.0 |
7.5 |
3.9 |
3.2 |
2.7 |
6.8 |
3.2 |
2. Industry |
6.8 |
3.6 |
8.2 |
5.6 |
7.2 |
5.3 |
6.6 |
2.8 |
0.8 |
7.0 |
3.3 |
2.1 Mining & quarrying |
5.0 |
-2.2 |
6.9 |
7.3 |
6.1 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
-2.9 |
-3.1 |
6.7 |
-1.4 |
2.2 Manufacturing |
7.6 |
3.9 |
9.1 |
6.1 |
7.8 |
5.5 |
7.2 |
2.7 |
0.4 |
7.6 |
3.4 |
2.3 Electricity, gas & water supply |
3.0 |
8.3 |
2.9 |
0.3 |
3.8 |
7.8 |
7.9 |
9.8 |
9.0 |
2.3 |
8.7 |
3. Services |
9.2 |
8.8 |
9.8 |
8.7 |
7.8 |
8.6 |
8.9 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
3.1 Construction |
8.0 |
4.8 |
8.4 |
6.0 |
8.7 |
8.2 |
1.2 |
4.3 |
7.2 |
7.7 |
4.2 |
3.2 Trade, hotels, transport, storage and communication, etc. |
11.1 |
11.2 |
12.7 |
10.8 |
9.8 |
9.3 |
12.7 |
9.8 |
9.2 |
11.1 |
10.6 |
3.3 Financing, insurance, real estate and business services |
10.4 |
9.1 |
10.0 |
10.4 |
11.2 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
10.5 |
9.0 |
10.6 |
9.5 |
3.4 Community, social & personal services |
4.5 |
5.9 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
-0.8 |
7.0 |
5.6 |
6.6 |
7.9 |
2.7 |
6.7 |
4. GDP at factor cost |
8.4 |
6.9 |
8.5 |
7.6 |
8.3 |
7.8 |
7.7 |
6.9 |
6.1 |
8.1 |
6.9 |
*: Quick Estimates. #: Advance Estimates.
Source: Central Statistics Office. |
I.8 However, current indications are that growth may have bottomed out in Q3 of 2011-
12. Given the general slack in capacity
utilisation in most industries, production can be
scaled up substantially. There has been strong
credit off-take in February and March 2012,
accounting for about 40 per cent of the total
non-food credit during the year. Though the PMI for both manufacturing and services registered
a deceleration in February and March, the
indices remain high indicating expansion. The
implicit growth rate for Q4 of 2011-12 works out to 6.9 per cent, essentially reflecting some
improvement in industrial activity and the resilience of the services sector. In this context,
the two-step lowering of the cash reserve ratio
in January and March 2012 and the peaking of
the interest rate cycle should provide some momentum.
Monsoon risk on agriculture growth remains muted
I.9 The North-East monsoon during October-
December 2011 was 48 per cent below normal as against 21 per cent above normal in the previous year. This was the most acute deficiency
in the winter monsoon in the last decade. The
adverse impact of the deficient North-East monsoon on overall agricultural production is,
however, not likely to be severe. While production of foodgrains during 2011-12 is estimated to reach a record level, that of pulses
and oilseeds is expected to be lower than in the
previous year (Table I.2).
Food management likely to be a challenge
I.10 The current stock of foodgrains, at 53
million tonnes, continues to be much higher
than the quarterly buffer and security reserve
requirements. This level of food stock is sufficient to meet the off-take requirement under the Targeted Public Distribution System and other welfare/poverty alleviation schemes
(Chart I.6). However, the National Food
Security Bill, which is currently in the Parliament, has far reaching implications for
food management. It envisages legal entitlement to foodgrains at subsidised rates to up to 75 per
cent of the rural population and 50 per cent of
the urban population by ensuring access to
adequate quantity of quality food at affordable
prices.
|
Table 1.2: Agricultural Production - 2011-12 |
(Million tonnes) |
Crop |
2010-11
Final
Estimates |
2011-12
2nd
Advance
Estimates |
Per cent growth in output in
2011-12 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Foodgrains |
244.8 |
250.4 |
2.3 |
Rice |
96.0 |
102.8 |
7.1 |
Wheat |
86.9 |
88.3 |
1.6 |
Coarse Cereals |
43.7 |
42.1 |
-3.7 |
Pulses |
18.2 |
17.3 |
-4.9 |
Oilseeds |
32.5 |
30.5 |
-6.2 |
Cotton # |
33.0 |
34.1 |
3.3 |
Jute & Mesta # # |
10.6 |
11.6 |
9.4 |
Sugarcane (Cane) |
342.4 |
347.9 |
1.6 |
#: Million bales of 170 kgs. each.
##: Million bales of 180 kgs. each.
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Gol. |
I.11 Effective implementation of the Bill necessitates substantially higher foodgrains
production in the county. This would require
revitalisation of agriculture sector with large investment to support agricultural research,
development of water resources, infrastructure,
particularly, power, storage and transportation.
In this regard, as per the Union Budget 2012-13,
three million tonnes of storage capacity was to
be created during 2011-12 and another five million tonnes in 2012-13, under the Private Entrepreneur’s Guarantee Scheme. Also,
creation of two million tonnes of storage
capacity in the form of modern silos has been
approved. The creation of storage capacity
would boost construction activity in the country, in addition to facilitating better management of
food stock.
Table 1.3: Index of Industrial Production: Sectoral and Use-based Classification of Industries |
(Per cent) |
Industry Group |
Weight in the IIP |
Growth Rate |
Weighted Contribution# |
Apr-Mar 2010-11 |
April-February |
Apr-Mar 2010-11 |
April-February |
2010-11 |
2011-12 P |
2010-11 |
2011-12 P |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
Sectoral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mining |
14.2 |
5.2 |
5.8 |
-2.1 |
7.3 |
8.2 |
-6.8 |
Manufacturing |
75.5 |
9.0 |
8.7 |
3.7 |
86.7 |
85.9 |
85.1 |
Electricity |
10.3 |
5.5 |
5.3 |
8.7 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
21.6 |
Use-Based |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic Goods |
45.7 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
29.1 |
29.4 |
66.5 |
Capital Goods |
8.8 |
14.8 |
14.7 |
-1.8 |
25.2 |
25.0 |
-7.3 |
Intermediate Goods |
15.7 |
7.4 |
7.8 |
-0.9 |
12.5 |
13.5 |
-3.6 |
Consumer Goods (a+b) |
29.8 |
8.6 |
8.1 |
4.8 |
33.3 |
32.2 |
44.1 |
a) Consumer Durables |
8.5 |
14.2 |
14.1 |
2.7 |
24.0 |
24.3 |
11.5 |
b) Consumer Non-durables |
21.3 |
4.3 |
3.5 |
6.5 |
9.4 |
7.9 |
32.6 |
General |
100 |
8.2 |
8.1 |
3.5 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
P : Provisional. # : Figures may not add up to 100 due to rounding off.
Source: Central Statistics Office. |
Industrial slowdown persists amidst
volatility
I.12 Industrial growth slowed down sharply
during 2011-12, led by contraction in mining
and poor performance of the manufacturing
sub-sector (Table I.3 and Chart I.7). Industrial
activity lost steam on account of weak demand
for consumer durables, reflecting interest rate
sensitivity, deceleration in external demand and
subdued investment demand due to decline in
business confidence.
I.13 As per the use-based classification,
moderation in growth was seen in all categories,
except basic goods and consumer non-durables.
Dampening of investment sentiment was
manifested in the contraction of capital and
intermediate goods. Moreover, industrial growth exhibited high volatility due to sharp
fluctuations in the growth of capital goods (Chart I.8). Volatility, measured by standard
deviation, is 3.3 for IIP excluding capital goods
compared with 4.7 for the overall IIP during the period April 2009 to February 2012. Hence, volatility in growth was primarily on account
of a few items which contributed to the
unevenness in the overall IIP growth.
|
I.14 As such, manufacturing sector growth
remained volatile and highly concentrated, with
seven out of the twenty two industry groups
showing negative growth during April-February
2011-12. The five fastest growing manufacturing
industries, with a combined weight of 18.3 per
cent in manufacturing, grew at around 15.6 per
cent, contributing about 68.5 per cent to the overall growth during April-February 2011-12
(Chart I.9).
I.15 With slow-paced global economic recovery extending into 2012, barring in the
euro area, there could be a positive impact on
domestic industrial growth. This is on account of the strong co-movement between the domestic and the global IIP series, reflected in
terms of a correlation coefficient of 0.8 for the
period April 2008 to January 2012 (Chart I.10).
Core industries remain a drag on industrial
growth
I.16 The eight core industries grew at a
subdued pace of 4.4 per cent during April-
February 2011-12 compared to 5.8 per cent during the corresponding period of the previous year. This is mainly on account of contraction
in natural gas and poor performance of coal and
fertiliser industries (Chart I.11).
I.17 Coal output has, however, shown some
improvement in the recent months. Initiatives
taken by the government recently to ensure
adequate coal supply to power plants is likely to improve coal production and fuel industrial
growth.
Slack evident in capacity utilisation
I.18 The Order Books, Inventory and Capacity
Utilisation Survey (http://www.rbi.org.in/OBICUS16) by the Reserve Bank indicates that
the y-o-y growth in new orders in Q3 of 2011-12
was lower than in Q3 of the previous two years.
Even though there was a narrowing of slack in
Q3 of 2011-12 compared to Q2, capacity
utilisation remained well below the peak
reached in 2010-11 (Chart 1.12). Also, there is
a strong co-movement between capacity
utilisation and manufacturing IIP.
I.19 Reflecting the decelerating output
growth, capacity utilisation in various
infrastructure industries slackened. During April-November 2011, excess capacity was reported in cement and thermal power
(Table I.4).
Table 1.4: Capacity Utilisation in Infrastructure Sector |
(Per cent) |
Sector |
2009-10 |
2010-11 |
2011-12* |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Finished Steel (SAIL+VSP+ Tata Steel) |
90.7 |
92.0 |
87.3 |
Cement |
82.0 |
76.0 |
72.0 |
Fertiliser |
93.6 |
94.5 |
94.4 |
Refinery Production-Petroleum |
107.4 |
109.3 |
104.2 |
Thermal Power |
77.7 |
75.1 |
71.6 |
*: Data pertains to April-November 2011.
Source: Capsule Report on Infrastructure Sector
Performance, Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, Gol. |
Slight moderation in employment generation
I.20 The quarterly quick surveys of
employment situation conducted by the Labour
Bureau in select sectors of the economy indicate
that employment generation slowed in Q3 of
2011-12 compared to Q2, though was marginally
higher than in Q3 of 2010-11. However,
employment in export units increased at a higher rate, compared to the non-export units, which
could be on account of optimism engendered
by a weaker rupee. Employment generation remained heavily concentrated in the IT/BPO
sector (Table I.5).
Services sector growth sustains but shows
weakening momentum
I.21 A services sector composite indicator based on growth in indicators of construction,
trade and transport, and finance, developed by
the Reserve Bank bottomed out in October 2011
and improved thereafter (Chart I.13).
Construction may improve further during 2012-
13 as road tendering, that proceeded at a high
pace in recent quarters, translates into ground
activity. A direct reading of lead indicators,
however, points towards a weakening of telecom and international travel, while railway
freight and domestic passenger traffic show increase (Table I.6).
I.22 A revival in domestic industrial activity
and improving prospects in the US could have
a favourable impact on the services sector. This
should help the sector absorb any adverse
impact on demand arising from the near allencompassing
tax levied in the Union budget.
Output gap likely to stay but shrink in
2012-13
I.23 On current assessment, the year 2012-13
is likely to be a year when the economy starts
to recover slowly from the large negative output gap created by growth falling
significantly below trend. The growth in H1 of 2012-13 may be dragged down by low pipeline investment. However, demand conditions may
improve slowly. On a lower base, the odds favour an improvement in agriculture growth during 2012-13. A combination of factors, viz.,
some improvement in external climate and
measures to address the supply-side bottlenecks
would support improved industrial
performance. If fiscal pressures are contained, the interest rate cycle could turn, supporting a
pick-up in investment demand. Persistence of
high global oil prices and slowing growth in
the euro area and China, however, pose downside risks.
Table 1.5: Changes in Estimated Employment |
(in million) |
Industry/Group |
2010-11 April-Dec |
2011-12 April-Dec |
2010-11 Q3 |
2011-12 Q2 |
2011-12 Q3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1. Textiles including apparels |
0.22 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
2. Leather |
0.04 |
-0.01 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
3. Metals |
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
0.04 |
0.00 |
4. Automobiles |
0.10 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
-0.01 |
5. Gems and jewellery |
0.00 |
0.03 |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
6. Transport |
-0.01 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
0.03 |
7. IT/BPO |
0.38 |
0.48 |
0.14 |
0.20 |
0.11 |
8. Handloom / Powerloom |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
Overall |
0.81 |
0.76 |
0.21 |
0.31 |
0.22 |
Source: Thirteenth Quarterly Quick Employment Survey, Oct 2011-Dec 2011, Labour Bureau. |
Table 1.6: Indicators of Services Sector Activity |
(Growth in per cent) |
Services Sector Indicators |
2009-10 |
2010-11 |
April-Feb 2010-11 |
April-Feb 2011-12 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Tourist arrivals |
4.4 |
8.3 |
9.1@ |
8.5@ |
Cement |
10.5 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
6.4 |
Steel |
6.0 |
8.9 |
9.2 |
6.8 |
Railway revenue earning freight traffic |
6.6 |
3.8 |
3.4# |
4.8# |
Cell phone connections (in millions) $ |
192.5 |
227.3 |
167.9* |
82.3* |
Cargo handled at major ports |
5.8 |
1.6 |
1.1# |
-0.3# |
Civil aviation |
|
|
|
|
Domestic cargo traffic |
24.3 |
23.7 |
27.0* |
-5.4* |
International passenger traffic |
8.8 |
10.3 |
10.9* |
7.2* |
Domestic passenger traffic |
15.6 |
18.1 |
16.8* |
17.7* |
@ Data pertains to April-March.
* Data pertains to April-December.
# Data pertains to April-January.
$: Refers to wireless subscriber additions in actual numbers.
Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Ministry of Tourism and CMIE. |
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