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प्रकाशन

मुद्रास्फीति पर घरेलू अपेक्षाओं का सर्वेक्षण

आज रिजर्व बैंक ने अपने द्विमासिक मुद्रास्फीति पर घरेलू अपेक्षाओं के सर्वेक्षण (IESH)1 के जनवरी 2022 चक्र के परिणाम जारी किए। सर्वेक्षण 2 से 12 जनवरी, 2022 के दौरान 18 प्रमुख शहरों में किया गया था। इसके परिणाम2 5,985 शहरी परिवारों3 के प्रत्युत्तरों पर आधारित हैं।

विशेष:

  1. चालू अवधि के लिए जनवरी में परिवारों की मीडियन मुद्रास्फीति धारणाएं 70 आधार अंकों की कमी के साथ 9.7 प्रतिशत हो गईं, जबकि तीन महीने और एक वर्ष आगे की मीडियन मुद्रास्फीति प्रत्याशाओं में भी नवंबर 2021 के सर्वेक्षण चक्र से क्रमशः 170 और 190 आधार अंकों की गिरावट आई है [चार्ट 1a और 1b; तालिका 3(a)]।

  2. उच्च मुद्रास्फीति की उम्मीद करने वाले उत्तरदाताओं की संख्या में नवंबर 2021 के सर्वेक्षण चक्र से काफी कमी आई है। [तालिका 1(a) और 1(b)]।

  3. परिवारों को उम्मीद है कि मुद्रास्फीति निकट से मध्यम अवधि में अधिक सीमाबद्ध होगी, जैसा कि उनकी वर्तमान मुद्रास्फीति की धारणाओं और भविष्य की मुद्रास्फीति की अपेक्षाओं के बीच घटे हुए अंतर में परिलक्षित होता है [चार्ट 1a और 1b; तालिका 3 (a)]।

  4. समग्र कीमतों और मुद्रास्फीति के लिए तीन महीने आगे की अपेक्षाएं आम तौर पर खाद्य उत्पादों और सेवाओं की लागत के अनुरूप थीं [तालिका 4]।

Chart 1

नोट: कृपया समय श्रृंखला डेटा के लिए एक्सेल फाइल देखें।

Table 1(a): Product-wise Expectations of Prices for Three Months ahead
(Percentage of Respondents)
Survey period ended Jan-21 Jul-21 Sep-21 Nov-21 Jan-22
General Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
Prices will increase 83.7 0.89 85.9 0.79 84.9 0.77 89.3 0.64 85.6 0.69
Price increase more than current rate 56.0 1.26 63.0 1.15 61.5 1.14 67.0 1.17 61.5 1.07
Price increase similar to current rate 22.4 0.95 19.6 0.90 19.9 0.88 19.1 0.94 20.4 0.87
Price increase less than current rate 5.3 0.53 3.3 0.38 3.5 0.40 3.3 0.42 3.7 0.40
No changes in prices 14.3 0.86 11.3 0.70 12.9 0.72 8.2 0.55 12.0 0.64
Decline in prices 1.9 0.30 2.8 0.40 2.2 0.29 2.5 0.30 2.4 0.30
Food Product                    
Prices will increase 80.9 0.95 84.0 0.81 84.8 0.74 86.0 0.70 83.7 0.71
Price increase more than current rate 54.2 1.16 61.0 1.15 61.4 1.08 63.7 1.17 61.0 1.01
Price increase similar to current rate 20.0 0.95 17.6 0.89 18.2 0.80 17.0 0.82 17.0 0.78
Price increase less than current rate 6.7 0.57 5.4 0.53 5.3 0.50 5.2 0.46 5.7 0.47
No changes in prices 13.0 0.82 10.5 0.65 10.8 0.64 8.2 0.52 10.5 0.58
Decline in prices 6.1 0.54 5.5 0.53 4.4 0.40 5.8 0.46 5.7 0.45
Non- Food Product                    
Prices will increase 79.3 0.98 82.6 0.85 82.1 0.82 86.3 0.67 80.5 0.73
Price increase more than current rate 51.6 1.20 59.0 1.17 58.8 1.15 62.7 1.17 55.5 1.02
Price increase similar to current rate 20.9 0.90 18.8 0.92 18.2 0.83 18.7 0.86 19.3 0.80
Price increase less than current rate 6.7 0.56 4.7 0.50 5.1 0.45 4.9 0.48 5.6 0.46
No changes in prices 16.9 0.91 12.3 0.73 13.6 0.73 8.9 0.54 14.1 0.65
Decline in prices 3.8 0.40 5.1 0.51 4.3 0.42 4.7 0.43 5.4 0.43
Household Durables                    
Prices will increase 64.3 1.11 65.6 1.10 67.3 0.97 68.6 0.90 69.9 0.88
Price increase more than current rate 42.5 1.15 45.1 1.19 46.5 1.09 47.8 1.11 48.7 1.03
Price increase similar to current rate 16.8 0.77 16.6 0.86 16.2 0.78 15.9 0.77 16.2 0.70
Price increase less than current rate 5.0 0.49 4.0 0.43 4.6 0.43 4.9 0.44 5.1 0.45
No changes in prices 27.2 1.05 25.3 0.99 25.0 0.87 22.7 0.82 23.1 0.83
Decline in prices 8.4 0.58 9.1 0.66 7.7 0.53 8.7 0.54 6.9 0.45
Cost of Housing                    
Prices will increase 66.1 1.11 64.7 1.13 68.7 0.95 74.3 0.94 71.6 0.88
Price increase more than current rate 45.1 1.20 45.9 1.21 49.6 1.07 55.1 1.16 51.3 1.07
Price increase similar to current rate 16.2 0.79 14.5 0.79 15.1 0.77 15.5 0.78 16.0 0.74
Price increase less than current rate 4.8 0.49 4.2 0.46 4.0 0.42 3.7 0.39 4.2 0.42
No changes in prices 24.6 1.02 23.7 0.99 21.9 0.85 19.0 0.82 21.3 0.81
Decline in prices 9.3 0.66 11.6 0.74 9.4 0.59 6.7 0.51 7.1 0.48
Cost of Services                    
Prices will increase 68.8 1.06 74.3 1.02 73.3 0.93 76.5 0.87 74.3 0.84
Price increase more than current rate 45.7 1.15 52.5 1.19 52.1 1.10 53.9 1.20 51.7 1.06
Price increase similar to current rate 18.5 0.81 17.3 0.83 16.8 0.75 17.6 0.80 18.0 0.80
Price increase less than current rate 4.6 0.50 4.5 0.45 4.4 0.41 5.0 0.49 4.7 0.43
No changes in prices 27.4 1.02 22.0 0.95 23.7 0.90 20.2 0.81 22.4 0.79
Decline in prices 3.8 0.47 3.7 0.43 3.0 0.33 3.2 0.34 3.3 0.34
Note:
1. The table provides estimates and standard errors for qualitative responses.
2. Constituent items may not add up to the corresponding total, due to rounding off.

Table 1(b): Product-wise Expectations of Prices for One Year ahead
(Percentage of Respondents)
Survey period ended Jan-21 Jul-21 Sep-21 Nov-21 Jan-22
General Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
Prices will increase 88.0 0.80 86.8 0.78 87.7 0.72 90.5 0.59 89.6 0.59
Price increase more than current rate 62.9 1.23 65.6 1.18 66.5 1.10 70.6 1.16 68.4 1.05
Price increase similar to current rate 21.2 0.95 18.3 0.93 18.0 0.85 16.6 0.92 18.0 0.82
Price increase less than current rate 3.9 0.43 2.9 0.38 3.3 0.36 3.3 0.39 3.3 0.39
No changes in prices 9.6 0.75 10.1 0.68 9.3 0.61 6.4 0.46 7.8 0.50
Decline in prices 2.4 0.33 3.1 0.41 2.9 0.36 3.1 0.35 2.6 0.29
Food Product                    
Prices will increase 80.5 0.96 80.8 0.87 81.6 0.79 84.5 0.74 83.8 0.72
Price increase more than current rate 53.0 1.21 55.9 1.18 57.4 1.12 60.3 1.21 58.3 1.07
Price increase similar to current rate 22.6 0.96 20.7 0.98 19.5 0.89 19.9 0.92 20.3 0.86
Price increase less than current rate 4.9 0.49 4.2 0.45 4.7 0.45 4.4 0.42 5.2 0.45
No changes in prices 13.4 0.84 12.6 0.73 11.9 0.66 9.5 0.58 11.0 0.61
Decline in prices 6.1 0.55 6.6 0.54 6.5 0.47 6.0 0.47 5.2 0.40
Non- Food Product                    
Prices will increase 80.4 0.93 80.3 0.91 81.5 0.81 85.1 0.72 83.0 0.73
Price increase more than current rate 52.8 1.22 56.8 1.21 57.9 1.13 61.8 1.20 57.6 1.09
Price increase similar to current rate 22.7 0.93 19.0 0.91 19.5 0.85 18.9 0.87 20.5 0.86
Price increase less than current rate 4.9 0.45 4.6 0.48 4.1 0.40 4.4 0.46 5.0 0.44
No changes in prices 15.0 0.84 13.4 0.76 13.2 0.71 9.6 0.57 12.1 0.61
Decline in prices 4.6 0.46 6.2 0.57 5.3 0.42 5.4 0.44 4.9 0.41
Household Durables                    
Prices will increase 69.8 1.07 69.1 1.06 71.5 0.98 75.0 0.88 75.4 0.87
Price increase more than current rate 45.0 1.20 47.0 1.18 49.4 1.10 52.4 1.17 52.2 1.07
Price increase similar to current rate 19.9 0.81 18.3 0.88 17.5 0.83 18.1 0.86 18.6 0.81
Price increase less than current rate 4.9 0.48 3.8 0.41 4.5 0.45 4.5 0.45 4.6 0.45
No changes in prices 22.1 0.97 22.7 0.97 22.3 0.89 18.0 0.75 18.6 0.78
Decline in prices 8.1 0.63 8.2 0.62 6.2 0.47 6.9 0.48 6.0 0.44
Cost of Housing                    
Prices will increase 74.8 1.05 71.8 1.08 76.5 0.87 82.4 0.78 79.4 0.79
Price increase more than current rate 49.9 1.22 50.9 1.21 55.2 1.09 60.6 1.16 57.1 1.03
Price increase similar to current rate 20.2 0.91 16.6 0.87 16.8 0.81 17.8 0.86 18.0 0.79
Price increase less than current rate 4.7 0.48 4.2 0.44 4.5 0.43 3.9 0.40 4.3 0.43
No changes in prices 17.7 0.95 19.8 0.92 17.3 0.78 12.8 0.67 15.1 0.67
Decline in prices 7.5 0.61 8.4 0.68 6.2 0.47 4.8 0.41 5.6 0.44
Cost of Services                    
Prices will increase 78.5 0.98 80.9 0.88 79.8 0.85 83.6 0.73 82.0 0.75
Price increase more than current rate 51.1 1.21 55.9 1.17 56.7 1.14 59.6 1.21 57.6 1.05
Price increase similar to current rate 22.9 0.96 20.5 0.91 18.8 0.85 19.0 0.89 19.7 0.81
Price increase less than current rate 4.6 0.45 4.5 0.47 4.3 0.43 5.0 0.47 4.6 0.44
No changes in prices 18.2 0.94 15.7 0.80 16.6 0.77 13.4 0.66 15.1 0.68
Decline in prices 3.3 0.41 3.4 0.42 3.6 0.38 3.1 0.34 2.9 0.31
Note:
1. The table provides estimates and standard errors for qualitative responses.
2. Constituent items may not add up to the corresponding total, due to rounding off.

Table 2: Inflation Expectations of Various Groups: Jan-22
  Current Perception Three Months ahead Expectation One Year ahead Expectation
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
Overall 9.9 0.10 9.7 0.29 11.1 0.10 10.6 0.08 10.7 0.11 10.7 0.10
Gender-wise                        
Male 10.1 0.13 10.0 0.17 11.2 0.13 10.6 0.10 10.8 0.15 10.7 0.12
Female 9.7 0.15 9.2 0.37 10.9 0.15 10.5 0.10 10.6 0.18 10.7 0.14
Category-wise                        
Financial Sector Employees 9.6 0.50 8.8 0.69 10.5 0.57 10.0 0.77 9.6 0.70 9.8 0.69
Other Employees 9.9 0.19 9.3 0.40 11.1 0.19 10.5 0.14 11.0 0.22 10.8 0.28
Self Employed 10.5 0.21 10.3 0.09 11.4 0.20 10.8 0.17 10.7 0.26 10.9 0.30
Homemaker 9.7 0.17 9.1 0.39 10.9 0.17 10.5 0.12 10.6 0.21 10.7 0.17
Retired Persons 11.0 0.36 10.5 0.31 11.9 0.35 12.7 1.25 11.0 0.40 11.4 1.09
Daily Workers 10.0 0.25 9.8 0.38 11.3 0.24 10.9 0.41 10.9 0.32 11.0 0.49
Other category 9.8 0.28 9.2 0.51 11.1 0.27 10.6 0.22 11.1 0.28 10.9 0.49
Age Group-wise                        
Up to 25 years 9.5 0.20 8.8 0.35 10.9 0.20 10.4 0.15 11.0 0.22 10.8 0.25
25 to 30 years 9.9 0.19 9.7 0.42 11.1 0.20 10.6 0.18 10.9 0.24 10.8 0.30
30 to 35 years 9.7 0.21 9.3 0.41 10.9 0.21 10.4 0.15 10.5 0.26 10.6 0.17
35 to 40 years 10.0 0.21 9.9 0.34 11.0 0.21 10.5 0.13 10.9 0.24 11.0 0.37
40 to 45 years 10.0 0.24 9.6 0.39 11.1 0.23 10.5 0.19 10.5 0.28 10.6 0.20
45 to 50 years 10.1 0.25 9.9 0.39 11.1 0.25 10.6 0.24 10.6 0.31 10.7 0.30
50 to 55 years 10.5 0.29 10.3 0.11 11.5 0.29 11.3 0.65 10.8 0.38 11.4 0.77
55 to 60 years 10.8 0.32 10.4 0.20 11.3 0.31 10.8 0.37 10.5 0.44 11.4 0.76
60 years and above 10.7 0.28 10.3 0.24 11.6 0.26 11.3 0.77 10.7 0.36 10.7 0.37
City-wise                        
Ahmedabad 9.3 0.50 7.8 0.91 10.6 0.50 9.5 0.89 11.0 0.52 10.4 1.33
Bengaluru 10.1 0.28 10.3 0.13 11.6 0.30 11.7 1.03 11.3 0.40 13.0 1.41
Bhopal 9.0 1.04 8.0 1.85 10.2 0.98 9.8 1.49 9.9 0.91 9.8 1.47
Bhubaneswar 8.6 0.51 7.3 0.45 9.8 0.59 8.9 0.68 8.8 0.58 9.5 0.73
Chennai 9.1 0.42 9.3 1.22 11.0 0.40 10.8 0.53 10.7 0.45 11.0 0.85
Delhi 10.1 0.22 10.0 0.30 11.0 0.23 10.6 0.25 10.7 0.27 10.8 0.46
Guwahati 7.2 0.58 7.0 0.69 7.9 0.67 7.8 0.78 8.2 0.72 8.2 0.90
Hyderabad 10.5 0.47 9.9 0.75 12.4 0.43 13.0 1.26 12.0 0.42 14.0 1.21
Jaipur 9.7 0.60 9.4 0.72 10.2 0.55 9.9 0.59 9.0 0.52 9.4 0.68
Kolkata 10.2 0.28 9.8 0.39 11.2 0.26 10.7 0.35 11.1 0.27 11.4 0.68
Lucknow 11.1 0.49 10.5 0.34 11.8 0.50 11.7 0.85 11.4 0.62 12.5 1.37
Mumbai 10.5 0.23 9.6 0.47 11.5 0.23 10.7 0.29 10.5 0.28 10.6 0.26
Nagpur 10.7 0.60 10.3 0.51 12.0 0.63 13.2 1.70 11.8 0.57 13.7 1.59
Patna 9.7 0.59 9.2 0.76 10.3 0.58 10.0 0.68 10.2 0.55 10.0 0.70
Thiruvananthapuram 6.3 0.77 5.3 0.30 7.7 0.65 6.4 0.55 8.9 0.58 8.4 1.07
Chandigarh 9.9 0.89 9.1 0.66 10.5 0.70 10.1 0.38 10.3 0.63 10.3 0.45
Ranchi 7.9 0.30 7.2 0.44 8.2 0.32 7.5 0.41 7.4 0.50 7.6 0.52
Raipur 6.5 0.61 5.6 0.28 6.8 0.77 5.9 0.50 5.8 0.70 5.5 0.55
Note: The table provides estimates and standard errors for quantitative responses.

Table 3: Household Inflation Expectations – Current Perception, Three Months and One Year Ahead Expectations
  Current Perception Three Months ahead Expectation One Year ahead Expectation
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
Jan-21 9.1 0.12 8.2 0.17 10.0 0.12 9.3 0.29 9.7 0.13 10.1 0.15
Jul-21 10.5 0.11 10.3 0.06 11.7 0.11 11.3 0.42 11.0 0.13 11.5 0.49
Sep-21 10.4 0.11 10.2 0.06 11.4 0.11 10.8 0.10 10.8 0.13 10.9 0.16
Nov-21 10.7 0.11 10.4 0.05 11.9 0.11 12.3 0.28 11.5 0.12 12.6 0.29
Jan-22 9.9 0.10 9.7 0.29 11.1 0.10 10.6 0.08 10.7 0.11 10.7 0.10
Note: The table provides estimates and standard errors for quantitative responses.

Table 4: Households Expecting General Price Movements in Coherence with Movements in Price Expectations of Various Product Groups: Three Months Ahead and One Year Ahead
(Percentage of Respondents)
Survey period ended Food Non-Food Household durables Housing Cost of services
Three Months Ahead
Jan-21 63.3 64.3 54.5 55.7 62.8
Jul-21 67.6 69.0 58.4 56.9 65.0
Sep-21 68.9 69.0 59.4 59.9 66.5
Nov-21 69.7 70.4 58.8 63.3 65.5
Jan-22 66.6 65.6 60.2 61.6 65.8
One Year Ahead
Jan-21 68.4 68.6 60.6 63.0 69.0
Jul-21 70.1 71.0 63.3 63.5 71.4
Sep-21 71.4 72.8 64.7 67.0 73.6
Nov-21 73.6 74.7 66.1 70.0 73.1
Jan-22 71.5 72.2 65.0 67.3 72.9
Note: Figures are based on sample observations

Table 5(a): Cross-tabulation of Number of Respondents by Current Inflation Perception and Three Months Ahead Inflation Expectations: Jan-22
Three Months Ahead Inflation Rate (per cent)
Current Inflation Rate (per cent)   <1 1-<2 2-<3 3-<4 4-<5 5-<6 6-<7 7-<8 8-<9 9-<10 10-<11 11-<12 12-<13 13-<14 14-<15 15-<16 >=16 No idea Total
<1 2 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8
1-<2 1 13 9 5 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
2-<3 0 11 56 37 37 18 7 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 171
3-<4 0 1 6 49 32 44 12 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 151
4-<5 0 0 6 9 91 59 31 15 8 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 228
5-<6 0 2 11 20 21 345 177 212 82 8 146 5 3 1 0 15 2 3 1053
6-<7 0 1 2 7 7 9 125 85 64 29 26 2 9 1 2 3 1 1 374
7-<8 0 0 0 2 1 11 3 157 89 62 75 6 12 1 6 4 2 0 431
8-<9 0 0 0 1 3 4 5 7 177 62 112 21 15 3 6 5 8 0 429
9-<10 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 8 94 58 22 22 5 5 6 3 0 230
10-<11 0 1 1 1 2 22 6 7 9 9 383 46 174 52 18 254 137 2 1124
11-<12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 19 5 2 2 2 1 1 35
12-<13 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 33 12 19 28 15 1 118
13-<14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 4 5 8 0 31
14-<15 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 2 16 0 33
15-<16 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 7 0 1 1 2 104 156 0 277
>=16 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 4 0 20 0 1 0 0 28 1199 2 1259
Total 3 29 92 131 198 525 370 490 449 272 842 122 276 92 77 458 1549 10 5985
Note: Figures are based on sample observations

Table 5(b): Cross-tabulation of Number of Respondents by Current Inflation Perception and One Year Ahead Inflation Expectations: Jan-22
One Year Ahead Inflation Rate (per cent)
Current Inflation Rate (per cent)   <1 1-<2 2-<3 3-<4 4-<5 5-<6 6-<7 7-<8 8-<9 9-<10 10-<11 11-<12 12-<13 13-<14 14-<15 15-<16 >=16 No idea Total
<1 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8
1-<2 7 5 7 6 0 1 3 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 33
2-<3 26 4 22 22 45 26 7 5 4 1 7 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 171
3-<4 16 0 2 30 19 39 19 3 10 2 5 1 4 0 0 0 1 0 151
4-<5 30 0 4 0 55 43 39 15 19 4 9 0 2 0 0 3 5 0 228
5-<6 117 1 5 7 10 206 114 164 104 31 186 12 18 7 3 41 23 4 1053
6-<7 42 0 0 0 1 1 79 65 73 37 39 5 14 2 3 8 5 0 374
7-<8 36 0 0 0 5 8 4 89 75 58 88 12 21 5 8 9 12 1 431
8-<9 28 0 0 0 2 1 3 4 104 62 122 26 32 13 8 12 12 0 429
9-<10 25 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 46 63 20 29 10 5 16 11 0 230
10-<11 111 0 2 0 0 6 1 5 9 10 218 31 129 34 32 251 285 0 1124
11-<12 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5 3 4 5 3 1 35
12-<13 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 26 9 17 33 21 0 118
13-<14 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 12 6 0 31
14-<15 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 3 16 0 33
15-<16 28 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 61 179 0 277
>=16 141 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 8 0 0 1 0 18 1088 1 1259
Total 628 10 43 67 137 332 271 353 404 253 751 116 284 93 96 473 1667 7 5985
Note: Figures are based on sample observations

1 सर्वेक्षण के परिणाम उत्तरदाताओं के विचारों को दर्शाते हैं, जो जरूरी नहीं कि रिज़र्व बैंक द्वारा मान्यताप्राप्त हों। पिछले सर्वेक्षण चक्र के परिणाम बैंक की वेबसाइट पर दिसम्बर 8, 2021 को जारी किए गए थे।
2 यह सर्वेक्षण भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक के द्वारा द्विमाही अंतरालों पर संचालित किया जाता है। यह सर्वेक्षण निकट भविष्य में मुद्रास्फीतिकारी दबावों पर उत्तरदाताओं से प्राप्त यथापेक्षित उपयोगी निदेशात्मक जानकारी प्रदान करता है और उनकी स्वयं की खपत प्रवृत्ति को प्रतिबिंबित करता है। अतः इन्हें मुद्रास्फीति पर पारिवारिक इकाइयो की भावनाओं के रूप में माना जाना चाहिए।
3 सर्वेक्षण के पिछले चक्रों के लिए यूनिट-स्तर के डेटा, बैंक के भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था पर डेटाबेस (DBIE) पोर्टल पर उपलब्ध हैं (वेबलिंक : https://dbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/dbie.rbi?site=unitLevelData)।

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